Shame and Indignity in Honduras

One thing I noticed early in my time here in Honduras is the prevalence of what some would call “low self-esteem.” 

Many rural people, especially the young, are very timid. They are “penoso,” as we say here. They defer to others, especially those who are in leadership positions, be they teachers, politicians, or priests. They do not speak up and some, when questioned, answer looking at the ground, not daring to look someone in the face. 

A US evangelical missionary here who had been in Mexico noted that he found the Hondurans more timid than the Mexicans he had worked with.

A few months ago, I read Brenneman’s Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America, an analysis of gang members in Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, taking as his focus the lives of thirty some former gang members, some of whom were able to exit the gangs through the “evangelical option.” The gangs permitted the exit of those who had a conversion experience and joined an evangelical church.

What really fascinated me was his discussion on “pre-disposing factors” that lead to joining a gang or were indicators of potential for joining. There were the three obvious ones: poverty, problems in the family, and difficulty in school. But Brenneman added another factor: shame.

Many had entered gangs with a deep sense of shame. They were poor; their family was poor; their family had problems, and in some cases rejected them. They experienced the powerlessness and the marginalization of being poor.

But this is not a mere personal feeling. It is, as Brenneman notes, socially induced.  They may have low self-esteem, but shame has social sources.

In my first years in Santa Rosa de Copán I met a young woman university professor who noted the class nature of society. Thus, many of the students in some universities are really on an upward-mobility track, not only to get a job but to escape the fate of the poor.

This is built into the Honduran society. People are addressed by their titles: doctor, engineer, lawyer, professor, and more. There is enormous prestige attached to a title before your name.

But it’s more than that.

Some people look down on the poor, especially the rural poor.

I remember a college professor I met in 2007 who lamented to me that most of the priests of the diocese were from the countryside and don’t understand city people (and, I intimated, professionals like him.)

But the most blatant example was when the president of the National Congress, upset about the support of rural people in our area of Bishop Santos’ campaign against open-pit mining.

He called them “gente del monte” – which literally means “people of the weeds.” For him, they are hay-seeds, hick, hillbillies.

And so it is no wonder that the poor feel shamed and isolated and looked down upon.

Brenneman refers several times to the work of James Gilligan, a psychiatrist who has worked for more than 25 years in US prisons.

I found his short book Preventing Violence a lucid discussion of the role of shame in society.

He very clearly lays out the social sources of shame, something that is even built into our languages. As he wrote in Preventing Violence:

Why do economic inequality and unemployment both stimulate violence? Ultimately, because both increase feelings of shame (Gilligan, Violence). For example, we speak of the poor as the lower classes, who have lower social and economic status, and the rich as the upper classes who have higher status. But the Latin for lower is inferior, and the word for the lower classes in Roman law was the humiliores. Even in English, the poor are sometimes referred to as the humbler classes. Our language itself tells us that to be poor is to be humiliated and inferior, which makes it more difficult not to feel inferior. The word for upper or higher was superior, which is related to the word for pride, superbia (the opposite of shame), also the root of our word superb (another antonym of inferior).

 And thus we must look carefully about how to respond to violence, as Brenneman notes:

For as long as chronic shame is abundant in the barrios of northern Central America, the symbols, drugs, sex, and weapons of the gang will continue to hold irresistible allure for thousands of youth. Additionally, chronic shame will continue to persist and even increase as long as its sources go unchallenged. The steep pyramids that separate and stratify Central Americans on the basis of class and race remain intact, held together by tacit agreements between a handful of elites and a military with little claim to legitimacy.… Providing more sophisticated weapons and helicopters to national governments will do little to stem the tide of violence.

Looking for more insight into the dynamic of shame, I read Donna Hicks’ Dignity: The Essential Role It Plays in Resolving Conflict.  I had hoped this would help me deepen the insights I had culled from Brenneman and Gilligan. 

Hicks does have some helpful suggestions about the elements of dignity and what violates dignity. But she does not treat the social sources of indignity. Perhaps this is due to her paradigm of conflict resolution which has more to do with individuals and their emotions and actions than with the underlying injustice that often results in violence. John Paul Lederach’s work on Conflict Transformation is, I believe, a more comprehensive approach.

Reading Brenneman and Gilligan have helped me to think a little more clearly about violence here – but even more about how I serve.

• What can I do to help break down the classism here? 
• What can we do to help the poor work together for a decent and fulfilling life – in their villages?
• How can I facilitate training of catechists and church leaders in such a way that the participants recognize their dignity and their capacities?
• How can we work with young people, helping them recognize their worth?
• How can we – I mean the people I work with, not me – create real communities where people try to live as sisters and brothers, caring for each other, especially the least among is?

All this, I think, will be much more helpful for the future of Honduras and to the diminution of violence than the military police that have been formed to “combat crime.”

And so I turn to what Gilligan writes:

Our first task, then, before we can even begin to think about preventing violence, is to learn how to create something that would actually be a community.

We need, I believe, to look to the ideal of Christian community presented in the Acts of the Apostles, as a paradigm for our work together:

They all gave full attention to the teaching of the apostles and to the common life, to the breaking of bread and the prayers. Great awe fell on everyone, and many remarkable deeds and signs were performed by the apostles. All of those who believed came together, and held everything in common. They sold their possessions and belongings and divided them up to everyone in proportion to their various needs. Day by day they were all together attending the Temple. They broke bread in their various houses, and ate their food with glad and sincere hearts… (Acts 2: 42-46)

And so:

The company of those who believed had one heart and soul…. there was no needy person among them… (Acts 4: 32,34)

And so might shame and violence decrease.

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The quotations from the Acts of the Apostles are taken from N. T. Wright’s The Kingdom New Testament: A Contemporary Translation.

Some random thoughts on alcohol and violence

Yesterday in a meeting of one of the zones of Dulce Nombre parish I mentioned the problem of violence.

One person opined that we have to deal with alcohol and drugs, since they are causes of violence. One of his concerns is the sale of alcohol in his village. Many villages pass no-alcohol ordinances, mostly to prevent the sale of moonshine.

Alcohol is a problem and abuse is not uncommon, often in binge drinking.

But I suggested that violence and drugs may be contributing factors but there are other factors and causes.

I have been reading a bit about violence. Robert Brenneman’s Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America  is a very thought-provoking study of gangs, especially from the perspective of those who have left the gangs, mostly for membership in evangelical churches. I have to return to it and I will try to write a review of it and another book which is helping me think about violence and my ministry here: James Gilligan’s Preventing Violence.  

From these books I’m beginning to see that there are critical starting points of working to prevent violence. We need to deal with the sense of “shame” and inferiority of many, partly due to the classist society that looks down on the poor and the people who live in the countryside. That means dealing with the unjust social structures here in Honduras. But it also means providing places where people experience their dignity and their capabilities, not always looking for outside groups (e.g., politicians and non-governmental groups) to come in and rescue them.

Thus I am not convinced that more police and a militarization of police, as planned by the Honduran government will really solve the problem. Nor am I convinced that US support of “training” for police is really all that good. Until the serious inequities are dealt with we are going to continue to suffer violence.

And so I am not all that convinced that laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol will make serious inroads on the type of violence experienced in many villages – violence often engendered by vengeance, anger, land disputes, etc.

Nor are invectives against alcohol consumption all that helpful. Many here don’t recognize that alcoholism is a disease. It is often seen merely in terms of personal sinfulness.

Something must be done about violence and also about alcohol.

I think part of the response to alcohol abuse is becoming welcoming communities that move people to seek the help they need to break from the alcoholism, accompanying them in their struggle.

Today, returning from another zone meeting I saw a very large number of cars parked on both sides of the road at the entrance to one village. First of all, not many people in the villages have cars and so this was quite surprising.

At first I thought it was a political rally or one of the candidates giving out cement or tin roofing. But I saw not political slogans on the cars or anyone giving out anything.

I asked the person from that village whom I had given a ride. He told me that is was the celebration of the anniversary of the Alcoholics Anonymous group in the village.

I was impressed. There are AA groups in another nearby village and in two major towns. This is something we should probably promote throughout the parish.

But see that people were celebrating the presence of AA in their village got me thinking. For this I need the help of people who know more about AA than I.

Is there something that AA is doing in regard to alcoholism that might help us deal with and prevent violence.?

Maybe the sense of companionship and of being responsible to others as well as the act of confession are central to dealing not only with alcoholism but also with violence.

Maybe that’s why we need to strengthen the base communities in the parish so that they become places of real community, of mutual care, of co-responsibility.